Lauren Groff is now a well-known voice on the American literary scene. Her work has been translated into thirty languages, and her 2015 novel Fates and Furies was chosen by former president Barack Obama as his book of the year. But it was back before that literary success, when Groff was still at university, that she first encountered the narrative poems, known as ‘lais’, of a 12th-century woman called Marie de France. The twelve poems, written in Medieval French, are vivid and dramatic and immediately captured Groff’s imagination. When, years later, Groff attended a lecture about nuns in the Middle Ages, she recalled her earlier fascination with Marie de France, and formed the idea for Matrix.
Past and Present
Unlike her previous work, set in the contemporary US, Matrix is the first novel that Groff has set in the past. She admits that she was cautious about writing historical fiction, worrying that if done badly it can feel like “tourism in time.” However, says Groff, in recent years she’s felt compelled to find a new way to question the urgent issues of the contemporary world, especially around women and power. She feels that writing a story set in the past gave her the freedom to do that. The historical context became a “radical tool” allowing her to address troubling contemporary issues that would have been harder to explore in a novel set now. Almost nothing is known of the real Marie de France, but that, for Groff, is part of the appeal. Groff acknowledges that the character of Marie in Matrix may be very different from the historical figure, but historical accuracy, though important, is not her primary focus. Around her imagined Marie, Groff is free to build a fascinating and dramatic tale…
Marie’s Story
When seventeen-year-old Marie is sent by Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine to take charge of a neglected abbey somewhere in rainy England, she finds a miserable place of hunger and chaos. But over the decades, under Marie’s charismatic leadership, the abbey’s fortunes change as the women there cut themselves off from all that exists outside the abbey walls. Away from the male hierarchies of the wider world, and especially the Church, the women create their own power structures. The result is impressive, but not always utopian. To find out more, Speak Up talked with Groff. We began by asking her why she decided to make Marie’s abbey an all-female community that actively excludes men.
Lauren Groff (American accent): Part of the historical research was me just getting incredibly frustrated by the fact that women in male narratives through history have been sort of relegated to the shadows along the walls and not fully embodied as humans. Especially so in medieval texts. And so I just wanted to flip the script a little bit. Men exist in this book but they’re not really visible, they’re not individual, they’re a sort of a mass at the sides of the room. And even the animals are female.
Rich and Colourful
While Medieval French poetry might sound difficult and academic, Groff stresses that the lais were always “fresh” to her. The rich, colourful imagery of the novel reflects this, as she explains.
Lauren Groff: The lais of Marie de France, they’re so wild! There’s a queer werewolf story, right? There’s a story about lovers who get frozen at the top of a mountain. There’s a story about an enchanted boat. There are fairies... It’s just full of magic and an other-worldly kind of sensibility that feels very ancient. I just love... I love them.
A Flexible Title
At first sight, the title Matrix may not seem very 12th-century, but Groff had good reason for choosing it.
Lauren Groff: I felt as though I needed to in some ways reclaim the word as the feminine source of power that it is. Because it means ‘mother’, right, of course, ‘mother of all’. It doesn’t necessarily mean computer-generated reality which is Keanu Reeves running around with a gun. So I just thought that that was such a flexible, incredible word that has been reduced. And it’s my job as a fiction writer to take things that have been flattened and reduced and make them complex again.
Truth and Fiction
Very little is known about the historical figure of Marie de France. Groff explains how she addressed this.
Lauren Groff: One of my moral obligations for writing a book set in this time period I think was to be as close as possible to verisimilitude, and the truth of what might have happened. Even while creating a whole cloth fictional version of Marie de France because we don’t know anything about her. So what I had to do was actually I went back to the work that she herself wrote, particularly the lies and the fables. And every time I came across a detail, a word, an image, an idea that felt bright and bold and full of life, indicative of a deeper human sensibility that put it onto the page, I took it out and put it into a prose poem. And it was out of that prose poem that I was able to make the character of my Marie de France. And she came out larger than life, full of hunger, full of ambition, not necessarily beautiful in her own mind or other people’s minds. But just so full of force and vitality that that was the character that I had to write. Whether or not that’s true, nobody knows.
Marie de France Little is known for sure about Marie de France except that she was one of the first recorded female writers in Europe. She was probably a noble woman and may have spent time living in a religious community, although there is no hard evidence for this. In the 12th century, Marie wrote a collection of narrative poems, known as ‘lais’, dealing with romantic and magical themes. The lais are written in Anglo-Norman, a dialect of Mediaeval French that was spoken by the nobility in England at that time. It’s thought that Marie was originally from France but wrote in England, possibly for the court of King Henry II. Her lais tend to give female characters a more prominent role than was common in writing of the time. |